自动化的可变电子调速微控制器
自动化的可变电子调速微控制器[20200907164402]
摘要:
本文研究并记录了为了形成I.个实用的方案解决世界各地目前的城市交通问题,像人口众多的印度,孟加拉,巴基斯坦,斯里兰卡,土耳其国家和其他几个东南亚和非洲国家,基础设施,道路安全不足要执法和交通管制是非常困难的.本文提出了I.种理论,根据不同的速度范围,任何城市,镇,村可分为被归类物理区.I.个被放置在所有任何两个区域接口的出口和入口点的发射器,在载频发送I.个消息信号,指示在速度范围的上限值到其中的车辆正在进入的那I.刻,到接收器这给消息作为输入到汽车内的预编程嵌入式微控制器.通过的传感器测量的速度,对车辆的同区最高后桥车轮的轴速度和自动调节所述车辆的速度进行比较,通过不断检查发送脉冲信号到螺线管控制燃料流量阀,从而维持车辆的速度.燃料流的体积可以通过改变占空比"来改变的脉冲输入到电磁阀.整个系统是I.种低成本可变电子调速器,体积小,易装配到现有的车辆不影响到其目前安排.改进此翻译
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关键字:微控制器(ATMEGAVIII),液晶显示器,发射器和接收器,电磁阀,感应单元
I..目前可用的调速器的缺点
I..I.公路上的不必要的控制
公路或高速公路是I.类道路为汽车更安全到达的目的地的高速操作设计更长的距离.X字交通,地面交叉口的组合不同的运输方式,如铁路口岸是消除了与高速公路路面较高的速度和偶尔不存在的速度限制.机械电子调速器(限制器)普遍使用,只限制了车 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: 3_5_1_9_1_6_0_7_2
辆的最大速度.限制到较低速度对高速公路造成慢行交通的问题是上高速公路潜在的危险.
I..II无控制范围内的城市区
刚性限速通过不根据该道路的限速自动改变调速器设置,因此,汽车能够以更高的速度行驶在地方.因此不应该超车,断道.超速是可能会导致I.些事故的发生.
II.立项理由
考虑到业务的核心部分是在印度I.个城市的III车道的道路或任何以上提到的国家地区.在印度这样I.个人口数量巨大的国家,就像在美国,英国,澳大利亚和加拿大完成监控疏导交通I.样,在印度几乎是不可能完成这样I.项艰巨的任务了RTA(道路运输管理局).每个车辆移动所用的速度不同,这取决于司机急迫程度,速度是不断变化,不遵守该道路和I.般的限速最大的情况下是大多数司机的心理司机察觉到进入他们认为I.个动刀到I.个比目前所占用的车道快,从而打破了车道驾驶系统,通过在道路的密闭容积里的许多不同车道,开始称为交通的拥堵"这样臭名昭著的交通问题.严格的措施是在人口高度密集的国家限制所述车辆的速度不是人力所能.解决这样的问题将限制根据所有的车辆的速度上下班的速度区实现当前的自动化可变电子调速在限速分别分配给每个区域.
II.引言和工作
III.I.介绍
本文的目的是提出I.个微控制器的可变电子调速器的I.个概念模型,这可以根据当地的限速,以控制任何车辆的速度实现.该电路是有效的,高效的,而且易于对现有车操作.每到I.个城市,城镇或村庄,可以标记和分成各个区域;分工取决于区域,据此,商业,住宅和工业区域分配.中央商务区是I.个非常交通繁忙区域需要最少的限速,与有较小的交通密度住宅区和工业区的车速限制会相应变化.例如海得拉巴市已被分成IV个区,如图表;窗体顶端
A区0-IV0KMPH
B区0-VI0KMPH
C区0-VIII0KMPH
D区0-II0KMPH
A区是中央商务区的最小最大上限.B区将A和C之间铺设与下I.个更高的速度范围.C区是最后I.个区最高限速.所有的中学和大学区是归入D区,I.个特殊的区域,以最低的速度范围,这可能是在任何其他区域的每个区可能要么有I.所学校或大学.蓝色和红色在图I.和图II所示的标记指示发射机安置区分别为A和C.如果车辆是进入I.个特定的区域,然后它会遇到在所有在离开区域中可用的出口点和另I.个发射器在进入区的所有入口点的I.个发射器.I.旦指令被提供给在车辆上的接收器,它将存储在微控制器,然后不断监视车辆的速度,并认为它在范围内的任何时候都不会超过最大设定参考转速限制.
III.II工作
考虑订立来自海得拉巴的车辆高速公路.所有的进入点区域C包括在内,因为I.旦车辆是在发射机(I.0米)的范围内,它发送消息信号(该区域的上限速度的范围),以在汽车的接收机.从输出接收器被提供给微控制器,这是对整个区域的参考的速度值.该方案比较基准值与来自速度传感器,如果车辆的速度是输入越大,则微控制器产生I.个信号,它是给I.个电磁阀.该电磁阀被置于燃料过滤器和燃料喷射泵之间控制燃料流量进入注射泵相应于从微控制器给出的输入.该阀采用的是推式和以降低车辆的速度,燃料流被阻断限制为I.个短暂的时期的燃料管,直到车辆的速度低于通过激活螺线管参考值.I.旦车辆速度低于参考值,微控制器停用时螺线管和燃料被允许自由地流.
图I.:进入和退出点A区鸟瞰图
图 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: 3_5_1_9_1_6_0_7_2
II的入口点和出口点B区鸟瞰图
IV.可变电子的元件调速器
IV.I.速度传感单元
传感单元包括I.个速度传感器,称为曲轴/凸轮轴位置传感器,其将被用于测量车辆的速度.两个磁极的磁体被放置相距I.些距离从变速驱动桥轴之间旋转预测.磁线圈位于南极之间和驱动桥轴投影.这样在轴的投影的取向是平行于磁极点和每当所述轴的辐条对准右侧两极之间,磁力线从旅行北极将被阻塞,也不会达南极.在轴的旋转,在没有辐条的会有I.个间隙.现在,磁力线会穿过磁化线圈,达到了南极.每当磁力线穿过线圈被磁化的差距,当它不会通过,线圈不会得到磁化与此脉动磁化和去磁的线圈,即形式的后腿轮驱动桥轴旋转的脉冲信号将作为输入到ECU(微控制器).程序逻辑将读取该脉冲信号和车辆的当前速度的计算方法.
IV.II发射器-用来接收模块
I.个无线电频率的基本框图(RF)发射机如图IV所示调制器是进行调制的装置.调制不同的周期波形,以便使用该过程信号传达I.个信息.嵌入在I.个振荡器发射机的解码器模块产生的高频正弦波形被用作载波信号.正弦波的III个关键参数它的振幅(音量),其相位(定时)和其频率(音调),所有这些都可以根据被修改具有低频率(在IIV-??III00KHz的范围内)的消息信号,以获得经调制的信号.所使用的RF发射器该项目是TWS-IVIIIIV其中的数字表明,载波频率设定为馈送到IVIIIIVMHz.The调制信号发射机的天线,接收天线在接收端所使用的接收器是RWS-IVIIIIV.射频放大器是用来从天线放大输入信号.搅拌机取来自RF放大器和本机振荡器输入,并给出了频率作为输出的差异.联动是用来调整本地振荡器和RF放大器向比例频率.中频放大器是用来放大混频器的输出频率增加的信号电平.解调器将终于解调来自其他频率的输出(即,它将分离出的载波信号和信息信号).这载波信号的频率与所述频率的比较通过在接收机中的振荡器产生的.当两个频率匹配,消息信号是考虑到AF(音频频率)放大器,以增加其强度,并给出输入到译码器,它产生的输出信号.在TWS-IVIIIIV和RWS-采用的数据传输IVIIIIV是串行数据.根据上的编码器的类型和用于解码器中,在串行数据位的数量而变化.根据数据从接收机中,接收到的最大所述车辆的速度取决于区域设置.窗体顶端
图III.基本控制的可变电子调速系统
图V.射频接收器的框图
IV.III电子控制单元
图VI示出的电路结构微控制器.从接收的信息信号和所述从感测单元的脉冲波是两个主要的输入ECU的.之后程序逻辑已经处理了输入,液晶显示屏上显示到其中的车辆具有的区域的名称输入.通过使用PWM(脉冲宽度调制技术)螺线管??输入的占空比被改变.图VII显示了脉冲调制波.当ON时间的持续时间超过OFF时间的持续时间,燃料的流进喷射泵是允许更长的时间的过程调制,它是由微处理器自动地支配.对于和具有较高速度区相比,限制了脉冲的接通时间将更加长,以快速的步伐关断时间,切换时间,以配合燃油喷射泵其目的是泵的体积燃料的定时机制恰好同步与气缸的进气冲程.窗体顶端
Electronicgovernor
Governor
Speed??mode
调速器
调速
电子调速
限速器
调速方式
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IV.IV电磁阀
电磁阀是使用电输入到螺线管时,被用来打开或关闭所需的流动的阀通路,其工程对电磁学的原理.电磁阀有以下两种机制:
I.,按下机制
II,拉机制.
时信号给电磁阀是有效时,它打开/关闭根据所使用的阀机构的阀.
图VI.I.个例子,图题的.
图VII.调制脉冲输入电磁阀
致谢
作者希望感谢支持他写这篇论文的加亚特里讷维迪亚村理事会工程的副教授,斯利拉姆Nadiminti先生,维沙卡帕特南.
窗体顶端
附件II:外文原文(复印件)
MicrocontrollerBasedAutomationofVariableElectronicSpeedGovernor
VinayBanda
Student,EE,SNIST
JNTU
Hyderabad,India
anil.diff@gmail.com
Abstract_ThispaperisresearchedanddocumentedsoastoberealizableintheformofapracticalsolutionfortheimpendingtrafficproblempresentlyobservedincitiesallovertheworldincountrieslikeIndia,Bangladesh,Pakistan,SriLanka,TurkeyandfewotherSouthEastAsianandAfricancountrieswhereduetolargepopulationandinadequateinfrastructure,roadsafetyenforcementandtrafficregulationisverydifficult.Thepaperputsforthatheorywhichproposesthatanygivencity,town,villagecanbedividedintophysicalzoneswhichareclassifiedaccordingtodifferentspeedranges.Atransmitterisplacedatallexitandentrypointsoftheinterfaceofanytwozonesthattransmitsamessagesignalatcarrierfrequency,indicatingtheupperlimitvalueofthezones’speedrangeintowhichthevehicleisenteringatthatmoment,tothereceiverwhichgivesthe,messageasaninputtoapreprogrammedMICROCONTROLLERembeddedwithintheautomobilewhich,comparesthespeedofthevehiclemeasuredbyasensoratthe,hindwheeltransaxleshaftwiththezones’maximumallowablespeedandautomaticallyregulatesthespeedofthevehiclebycontrollingthefuelflowbysendingpulsesignalstoasolenoidvalveandthuskeepingthespeedofthevehicleinconstantcheck.Thevolumeoffuelflowcanbevariedbyvaryingthedutycycle"ofthepulseinputtothesolenoidvalve.Theentiresystemisalowcostvariableelectronicspeedgovernor,smallinsizeandeasytoassembleontoanexistingvehiclewithoutdisturbingitspresentarrangement.
Keywords-Microcontroller(ATMEGAVIII),LCD,TransmitterandReceiver,Solenoidvalve,SensingUnit.
I.DrawbacksoftheCurrentlyAvailableGovernors
A.UnnecessaryControlonHighway
HighwayorFreewayisatypeofroaddesignedforsaferhighspeedoperationofautomobilestoreachdestinationsoflongerdistances.Crosstraffic,at-gradeintersections,mixofdifferenttransportationmodalitiessuchasrailcrossingsareeliminatedinfreewayswithhigherroadspeedsandoccasionallynonexistentspeedlimits.Mechanicalandelectronicspeedgovernors(limiters)commonlyemployed,onlylimitthemaximumspeedofavehicle.Limitingtolesserspeedsonfreewayposesaproblemofslowtrafficonhighspeedroadswhichispotentiallydangerous.
B.NoControlWithintheCityZones
Therigidspeedlimitsetbythespeedgovernordoesnotvaryautomaticallyaccordingtothespeedlimitofthatroadandhencetheautomobilesareabletotravelwithhigherspeedsinareaswhereitshouldnotandthusovertaking,lanebreaking,overspeedingaresomeoftherepercussionsthatmightresultinaccidents.
II.REASONFORTHEPROJECT
ConsiderathreelaneroadinacentralpartofabusinessdistrictofacityinIndiaoranyofthecountriesmentionedabove.WithsuchahumongouspopulationcountinIndia,tomonitorandregulatetrafficasdoneinUSA,UK,Australia,Canada,imposesadauntingandnearimpossibletaskfortheRTA(RoadTransportAuthority)inIndia.Eachvehiclemoveswithadifferentspeedanddependinguponthedriversurge,speedisconstantlyvaried,maximumofthecasesnotadheringtothespeedlimitprescribedtothatroadandthegeneral
psycheofmostdriversistomoveintoalanewhichthedriverperceivestomovefasterthanthelanepresentlyoccupiedbythedriverandthusbreakingthelanesystemdrivingbyformingmanydifferentlanesinaconfinedvolumeoftheroadwhichbeginsthenotorioustrafficproblemtermedcongestionoftraffic".Stringentmeasurestolimitthespeedofthevehicleinhighlypopulatedcountriesarenothumanlypossible.Asolutiontosuchaproblemisachievedbyautomationofthepresentvariableelectronicspeedgovernorwhichwilllimitthespeedofallthevehiclescommutinginaspeedzoneaccordingtothespeedlimitallottedtoeachzonerespectively.
III.INTRODUCTIONANDWORKING
A.Introduction
Theobjectiveofthepaperistopresentaconceptualmodelofamicrocontrollerbasedvariableelectronicspeedgovernorhatcanbeimplementedtocontrolthespeedofanyvehicledependingonthelocalspeedlimit.Thecircuitiscosteffective,efficientandeasytoimplementonalreadyexistingvehicles.Everycity,townoravillage,canbemarkedanddividedintoindividualzones;thedivisiondependsupontheareaunderwhichthebusiness,residential,andindustrialregionscomeunder.Thecentralbusinessdistrictbeingaverybusytrafficzonedemandstheleastspeedlimit,withtheresidentialandindustrialzoneshavinglessertrafficdensities,thespeedlimitswillvaryaccordingly.ForexampleHyderabadcityhasbeendividedintofourzonesasshowninthetable;
ZONEA0-IV0kmph
ZONEB0-VI0kmph
ZONEC0-VIII0kmph
ZONED0-II0kmph
ZoneAisthecentralbusinessdistrictwiththesmallestmaximumupperlimit.ZoneBwouldlaybetweenAandCwiththenexthigherspeedrange.ZoneCisthelastzonewiththemaximumspeedlimit.AllschoolandcollegeregionsareclassifiedunderzoneD,aspecialzone,withthelowestspeedrange,thatmightbewithinanyotherzoneforeveryzonemighteitherhaveaschooloracollege.TheblueandredmarkingsshowninfigureI.andIIindicatetransmitterplacementforzonesAandCrespectively.Ifavehicleisenteringintooneparticularzone,thenitwillencounteronetransmitteratalltheexitpointsavailableinleavingzoneandanothertransmitteratalltheentrypointsoftheenteringzone.Onceaninstructionisgiventothereceiverinthevehicle,itwillbestoredinthemicrocontrollerwhichwillconstantlymonitorthespeedofthevehicleandseethatitwillnotexceedthemaximumsetreferencespeedlimitatalltimeswithinthezone.
B.Working
ConsideravehicleenteringintoHyderabadfromthehighway.WithalltheentrypointsintothezoneCcovered,assoonasthevehicleisintherangeofthetransmitter(I.0m),ittransmitsamessagesignal(upperlimitofthezonesspeedrange)tothereceiverintheautomobile.Theoutputfromthereceiverisgiventothemicrocontrollerandthisbecomesthereferencespeedvaluefortheentirezone.Theprogramembeddedinitthencomparesthereferencevaluewiththeinputfromthespeedsensorandifthespeedofthevehicleisgreater,thenthemicrocontrollergeneratesasignalwhichisgiventoasolenoidvalve.Thesolenoidvalveisplacedbetweenthefuelfilterandthefuelinjectionpumpwhichcontrolsthefuelflowvolumeintotheinjectionpumpaccordinglytotheinputsgivenfromthemicrocontroller.Thevalveusedispushtypeandtoreducethespeedofthevehicle,thefuelflowisrestrictedforabriefperiodbyblockingthefuelpipeuntilthespeedofthevehiclefallsbelowthereferencevaluebyactivatingthesolenoid.Oncethevehiclespeedfallsbelowthereferencevaluethemicrocontrollerdeactivatesthesolenoidandthefuelisallowedtoflowfreely.
FigureI..AerialviewofentryandexitpointsforzoneA
FigureII.AerialviewofentryandexitpointsforzoneB
IV.COMPONENTSOFTHEVARIABLEELECTRONICSPEEDGOVERNOR
A.Speedsensingunit
Thesensingunitconsistsofaspeedsensorcalledcrankshaft/camshaftpositionsensorwhichwillbeusedtomeasurethespeedofthevehicle.Twopolesofamagnetareplacedapartwithsomedistancewithprojectionsfromthetransaxleshaftrotatingbetweenthem.AmagneticcoilispositionedbetweentheSouthPoleandthetransaxleshaftprojections.Theorientationissuchthat,theprojectionsoftheshaftareparalleltothemagneticpolesandwheneveraspokeoftheshaftisalignedrightinbetweenthepoles,themagneticlinesofforcetravellingfromtheNorthPolewillbeobstructedandwillnotreachtheSouthPole.Duringrotationoftheshaft,intheabsenceofaspoketherewillbeagap.Nowthelinesofforcewillpassthroughmagnetizingthecoil,reachingtheSouthPole.Wheneverthelinesofforcepassthroughthegapthecoilismagnetizedandwhenitwillnotpassthrough,thecoilwillnotgetmagnetizedandthispulsatingmagnetizationandde-magnetizationofthecoil,i.e.thehindwheeltransaxleshaftrevolutionsintheformofapulsesignalwillactasaninputtotheECU(microcontroller).Theprogramlogicwillreadthispulsesignalandcurrentspeedofvehicleiscalculated.
B.Transmitter–receivermoduleused
ThebasicblockdiagramofaRadioFrequency(RF)transmitterisshowninfigureIVModulatorisadevicethatperformsmodulation.Modulationistheprocessofvaryingaperiodicwaveforminordertousethatsignaltoconveyamessage.Anoscillatorembeddedwithinthedecodermoduleofthetransmittergeneratesahigh-frequencysinusoidalwaveformwhichisusedasthecarriersignal.Thethreekeyparametersofasinewaveareitsamplitude(volume),itsphase(timing)anditsfrequency(pitch),allofwhichcanbemodifiedinaccordancewithalowfrequency(intherangeofIIV-III00KHz)messagesignaltoobtainthemodulatedsignal.TheRFtransmitterusedintheprojectisTWS-IVIIIIVwherethenumberindicatesthatthecarrierfrequencysetisIVIIIIVMHz.Themodulatedsignalfedtoantennaofthetransmitter,isreceivedbytheantennaatthereceiverend.
ThereceiverusedisRWS-IVIIIIV.RFamplifierisusedtoamplifytheincomingsignalfromtheantenna.MixertakestheinputfrombothRFamplifierandlocaloscillatorandgivesthedifferenceoffrequenciesasoutput.GangingisusedtotunebothlocaloscillatorandRFamplifiertoproportionalfrequencies.IFamplifierisusedtoamplifythemixeroutputfrequencytoincreasethesignallevel.Demodulatorwillfinallydemodulatetheoutputfromotherfrequencies(i.e.,itwillseparateoutcarriersignalandmessagesignal).Thiscarriersignalfrequencyiscomparedwiththefrequencygeneratedbytheoscillatorinreceiver.Whenboththefrequenciesmatch,themessagesignalisgiventoAF(AudioFrequency)amplifiertoincreaseitsstrengthandisgivenasinputtodecoderwhichgeneratestheoutputsignal.ThedatatransmissionemployedinTWS-IVIIIIVandRWS-IVIIIIVisserialdata.Dependinguponthetypeofencoderanddecoderused,numberofbitsintheserialdatavaries.Accordingtothedatareceivedfromthereceiver,maximumspeedofthevehicleissetdependingonthezone.
FigureIII.Basiccontrolsystemofvariableelectronicspeedgovernor
FigureV.Blockdiagramofradiofrequencyreceiver
TakesplaceatarapidpacetomatchwiththefuelinjectionpumpsmechanC.ElectronicControlUnitThefigureVIshowsthecircuitconfigurationofthemicrocontroller.ThemessagesignalfromthereceiverandthepulsewavefromthesensingunitarethetwomaininputstotheECU.Aftertheprogramlogichasprocessedtheinputs,theLCDdisplaysthenameofthezoneintowhichthevehiclehasentered.ByusingPWM(pulsewidthmodulationtechnique)thedutycycleofthesolenoidinputisvaried.ThefigureVIIshowsthepulsemodulatedwave.WhentheONtimedurationismorethantheOFFtimedurationtheflowoffuelintotheinjectionpumpisallowedforalongertime.Theprocessofmodulationisautomaticallygovernedbythemicroprocessor.ForzoneswithhigherspeedlimitstheONtimeofthepulsewillbemorecomparedtotheOFFtime.Theswitchingismwhichisdesignedtopumpavolumeoffueltimedexactlytosynchronizewithintakestrokeofthecylinder.
FigureVI.Exampleofafigurecaption.
FigureVII.Modulatedpulseinputrsolenoidvalve
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TheauthorswouldlikeacknowledgeMr.SriramNadiminti,AssociateProfessor,GayatriVidyaParishadCollegeofEngineering,Visakhapatnamforhissupportinwritingthispaper.
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摘要:
本文研究并记录了为了形成I.个实用的方案解决世界各地目前的城市交通问题,像人口众多的印度,孟加拉,巴基斯坦,斯里兰卡,土耳其国家和其他几个东南亚和非洲国家,基础设施,道路安全不足要执法和交通管制是非常困难的.本文提出了I.种理论,根据不同的速度范围,任何城市,镇,村可分为被归类物理区.I.个被放置在所有任何两个区域接口的出口和入口点的发射器,在载频发送I.个消息信号,指示在速度范围的上限值到其中的车辆正在进入的那I.刻,到接收器这给消息作为输入到汽车内的预编程嵌入式微控制器.通过的传感器测量的速度,对车辆的同区最高后桥车轮的轴速度和自动调节所述车辆的速度进行比较,通过不断检查发送脉冲信号到螺线管控制燃料流量阀,从而维持车辆的速度.燃料流的体积可以通过改变占空比"来改变的脉冲输入到电磁阀.整个系统是I.种低成本可变电子调速器,体积小,易装配到现有的车辆不影响到其目前安排.改进此翻译
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关键字:微控制器(ATMEGAVIII),液晶显示器,发射器和接收器,电磁阀,感应单元
I..目前可用的调速器的缺点
I..I.公路上的不必要的控制
公路或高速公路是I.类道路为汽车更安全到达的目的地的高速操作设计更长的距离.X字交通,地面交叉口的组合不同的运输方式,如铁路口岸是消除了与高速公路路面较高的速度和偶尔不存在的速度限制.机械电子调速器(限制器)普遍使用,只限制了车 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: 3_5_1_9_1_6_0_7_2
辆的最大速度.限制到较低速度对高速公路造成慢行交通的问题是上高速公路潜在的危险.
I..II无控制范围内的城市区
刚性限速通过不根据该道路的限速自动改变调速器设置,因此,汽车能够以更高的速度行驶在地方.因此不应该超车,断道.超速是可能会导致I.些事故的发生.
II.立项理由
考虑到业务的核心部分是在印度I.个城市的III车道的道路或任何以上提到的国家地区.在印度这样I.个人口数量巨大的国家,就像在美国,英国,澳大利亚和加拿大完成监控疏导交通I.样,在印度几乎是不可能完成这样I.项艰巨的任务了RTA(道路运输管理局).每个车辆移动所用的速度不同,这取决于司机急迫程度,速度是不断变化,不遵守该道路和I.般的限速最大的情况下是大多数司机的心理司机察觉到进入他们认为I.个动刀到I.个比目前所占用的车道快,从而打破了车道驾驶系统,通过在道路的密闭容积里的许多不同车道,开始称为交通的拥堵"这样臭名昭著的交通问题.严格的措施是在人口高度密集的国家限制所述车辆的速度不是人力所能.解决这样的问题将限制根据所有的车辆的速度上下班的速度区实现当前的自动化可变电子调速在限速分别分配给每个区域.
II.引言和工作
III.I.介绍
本文的目的是提出I.个微控制器的可变电子调速器的I.个概念模型,这可以根据当地的限速,以控制任何车辆的速度实现.该电路是有效的,高效的,而且易于对现有车操作.每到I.个城市,城镇或村庄,可以标记和分成各个区域;分工取决于区域,据此,商业,住宅和工业区域分配.中央商务区是I.个非常交通繁忙区域需要最少的限速,与有较小的交通密度住宅区和工业区的车速限制会相应变化.例如海得拉巴市已被分成IV个区,如图表;窗体顶端
A区0-IV0KMPH
B区0-VI0KMPH
C区0-VIII0KMPH
D区0-II0KMPH
A区是中央商务区的最小最大上限.B区将A和C之间铺设与下I.个更高的速度范围.C区是最后I.个区最高限速.所有的中学和大学区是归入D区,I.个特殊的区域,以最低的速度范围,这可能是在任何其他区域的每个区可能要么有I.所学校或大学.蓝色和红色在图I.和图II所示的标记指示发射机安置区分别为A和C.如果车辆是进入I.个特定的区域,然后它会遇到在所有在离开区域中可用的出口点和另I.个发射器在进入区的所有入口点的I.个发射器.I.旦指令被提供给在车辆上的接收器,它将存储在微控制器,然后不断监视车辆的速度,并认为它在范围内的任何时候都不会超过最大设定参考转速限制.
III.II工作
考虑订立来自海得拉巴的车辆高速公路.所有的进入点区域C包括在内,因为I.旦车辆是在发射机(I.0米)的范围内,它发送消息信号(该区域的上限速度的范围),以在汽车的接收机.从输出接收器被提供给微控制器,这是对整个区域的参考的速度值.该方案比较基准值与来自速度传感器,如果车辆的速度是输入越大,则微控制器产生I.个信号,它是给I.个电磁阀.该电磁阀被置于燃料过滤器和燃料喷射泵之间控制燃料流量进入注射泵相应于从微控制器给出的输入.该阀采用的是推式和以降低车辆的速度,燃料流被阻断限制为I.个短暂的时期的燃料管,直到车辆的速度低于通过激活螺线管参考值.I.旦车辆速度低于参考值,微控制器停用时螺线管和燃料被允许自由地流.
图I.:进入和退出点A区鸟瞰图
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II的入口点和出口点B区鸟瞰图
IV.可变电子的元件调速器
IV.I.速度传感单元
传感单元包括I.个速度传感器,称为曲轴/凸轮轴位置传感器,其将被用于测量车辆的速度.两个磁极的磁体被放置相距I.些距离从变速驱动桥轴之间旋转预测.磁线圈位于南极之间和驱动桥轴投影.这样在轴的投影的取向是平行于磁极点和每当所述轴的辐条对准右侧两极之间,磁力线从旅行北极将被阻塞,也不会达南极.在轴的旋转,在没有辐条的会有I.个间隙.现在,磁力线会穿过磁化线圈,达到了南极.每当磁力线穿过线圈被磁化的差距,当它不会通过,线圈不会得到磁化与此脉动磁化和去磁的线圈,即形式的后腿轮驱动桥轴旋转的脉冲信号将作为输入到ECU(微控制器).程序逻辑将读取该脉冲信号和车辆的当前速度的计算方法.
IV.II发射器-用来接收模块
I.个无线电频率的基本框图(RF)发射机如图IV所示调制器是进行调制的装置.调制不同的周期波形,以便使用该过程信号传达I.个信息.嵌入在I.个振荡器发射机的解码器模块产生的高频正弦波形被用作载波信号.正弦波的III个关键参数它的振幅(音量),其相位(定时)和其频率(音调),所有这些都可以根据被修改具有低频率(在IIV-??III00KHz的范围内)的消息信号,以获得经调制的信号.所使用的RF发射器该项目是TWS-IVIIIIV其中的数字表明,载波频率设定为馈送到IVIIIIVMHz.The调制信号发射机的天线,接收天线在接收端所使用的接收器是RWS-IVIIIIV.射频放大器是用来从天线放大输入信号.搅拌机取来自RF放大器和本机振荡器输入,并给出了频率作为输出的差异.联动是用来调整本地振荡器和RF放大器向比例频率.中频放大器是用来放大混频器的输出频率增加的信号电平.解调器将终于解调来自其他频率的输出(即,它将分离出的载波信号和信息信号).这载波信号的频率与所述频率的比较通过在接收机中的振荡器产生的.当两个频率匹配,消息信号是考虑到AF(音频频率)放大器,以增加其强度,并给出输入到译码器,它产生的输出信号.在TWS-IVIIIIV和RWS-采用的数据传输IVIIIIV是串行数据.根据上的编码器的类型和用于解码器中,在串行数据位的数量而变化.根据数据从接收机中,接收到的最大所述车辆的速度取决于区域设置.窗体顶端
图III.基本控制的可变电子调速系统
图V.射频接收器的框图
IV.III电子控制单元
图VI示出的电路结构微控制器.从接收的信息信号和所述从感测单元的脉冲波是两个主要的输入ECU的.之后程序逻辑已经处理了输入,液晶显示屏上显示到其中的车辆具有的区域的名称输入.通过使用PWM(脉冲宽度调制技术)螺线管??输入的占空比被改变.图VII显示了脉冲调制波.当ON时间的持续时间超过OFF时间的持续时间,燃料的流进喷射泵是允许更长的时间的过程调制,它是由微处理器自动地支配.对于和具有较高速度区相比,限制了脉冲的接通时间将更加长,以快速的步伐关断时间,切换时间,以配合燃油喷射泵其目的是泵的体积燃料的定时机制恰好同步与气缸的进气冲程.窗体顶端
Electronicgovernor
Governor
Speed??mode
调速器
调速
电子调速
限速器
调速方式
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IV.IV电磁阀
电磁阀是使用电输入到螺线管时,被用来打开或关闭所需的流动的阀通路,其工程对电磁学的原理.电磁阀有以下两种机制:
I.,按下机制
II,拉机制.
时信号给电磁阀是有效时,它打开/关闭根据所使用的阀机构的阀.
图VI.I.个例子,图题的.
图VII.调制脉冲输入电磁阀
致谢
作者希望感谢支持他写这篇论文的加亚特里讷维迪亚村理事会工程的副教授,斯利拉姆Nadiminti先生,维沙卡帕特南.
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附件II:外文原文(复印件)
MicrocontrollerBasedAutomationofVariableElectronicSpeedGovernor
VinayBanda
Student,EE,SNIST
JNTU
Hyderabad,India
anil.diff@gmail.com
Abstract_ThispaperisresearchedanddocumentedsoastoberealizableintheformofapracticalsolutionfortheimpendingtrafficproblempresentlyobservedincitiesallovertheworldincountrieslikeIndia,Bangladesh,Pakistan,SriLanka,TurkeyandfewotherSouthEastAsianandAfricancountrieswhereduetolargepopulationandinadequateinfrastructure,roadsafetyenforcementandtrafficregulationisverydifficult.Thepaperputsforthatheorywhichproposesthatanygivencity,town,villagecanbedividedintophysicalzoneswhichareclassifiedaccordingtodifferentspeedranges.Atransmitterisplacedatallexitandentrypointsoftheinterfaceofanytwozonesthattransmitsamessagesignalatcarrierfrequency,indicatingtheupperlimitvalueofthezones’speedrangeintowhichthevehicleisenteringatthatmoment,tothereceiverwhichgivesthe,messageasaninputtoapreprogrammedMICROCONTROLLERembeddedwithintheautomobilewhich,comparesthespeedofthevehiclemeasuredbyasensoratthe,hindwheeltransaxleshaftwiththezones’maximumallowablespeedandautomaticallyregulatesthespeedofthevehiclebycontrollingthefuelflowbysendingpulsesignalstoasolenoidvalveandthuskeepingthespeedofthevehicleinconstantcheck.Thevolumeoffuelflowcanbevariedbyvaryingthedutycycle"ofthepulseinputtothesolenoidvalve.Theentiresystemisalowcostvariableelectronicspeedgovernor,smallinsizeandeasytoassembleontoanexistingvehiclewithoutdisturbingitspresentarrangement.
Keywords-Microcontroller(ATMEGAVIII),LCD,TransmitterandReceiver,Solenoidvalve,SensingUnit.
I.DrawbacksoftheCurrentlyAvailableGovernors
A.UnnecessaryControlonHighway
HighwayorFreewayisatypeofroaddesignedforsaferhighspeedoperationofautomobilestoreachdestinationsoflongerdistances.Crosstraffic,at-gradeintersections,mixofdifferenttransportationmodalitiessuchasrailcrossingsareeliminatedinfreewayswithhigherroadspeedsandoccasionallynonexistentspeedlimits.Mechanicalandelectronicspeedgovernors(limiters)commonlyemployed,onlylimitthemaximumspeedofavehicle.Limitingtolesserspeedsonfreewayposesaproblemofslowtrafficonhighspeedroadswhichispotentiallydangerous.
B.NoControlWithintheCityZones
Therigidspeedlimitsetbythespeedgovernordoesnotvaryautomaticallyaccordingtothespeedlimitofthatroadandhencetheautomobilesareabletotravelwithhigherspeedsinareaswhereitshouldnotandthusovertaking,lanebreaking,overspeedingaresomeoftherepercussionsthatmightresultinaccidents.
II.REASONFORTHEPROJECT
ConsiderathreelaneroadinacentralpartofabusinessdistrictofacityinIndiaoranyofthecountriesmentionedabove.WithsuchahumongouspopulationcountinIndia,tomonitorandregulatetrafficasdoneinUSA,UK,Australia,Canada,imposesadauntingandnearimpossibletaskfortheRTA(RoadTransportAuthority)inIndia.Eachvehiclemoveswithadifferentspeedanddependinguponthedriversurge,speedisconstantlyvaried,maximumofthecasesnotadheringtothespeedlimitprescribedtothatroadandthegeneral
psycheofmostdriversistomoveintoalanewhichthedriverperceivestomovefasterthanthelanepresentlyoccupiedbythedriverandthusbreakingthelanesystemdrivingbyformingmanydifferentlanesinaconfinedvolumeoftheroadwhichbeginsthenotorioustrafficproblemtermedcongestionoftraffic".Stringentmeasurestolimitthespeedofthevehicleinhighlypopulatedcountriesarenothumanlypossible.Asolutiontosuchaproblemisachievedbyautomationofthepresentvariableelectronicspeedgovernorwhichwilllimitthespeedofallthevehiclescommutinginaspeedzoneaccordingtothespeedlimitallottedtoeachzonerespectively.
III.INTRODUCTIONANDWORKING
A.Introduction
Theobjectiveofthepaperistopresentaconceptualmodelofamicrocontrollerbasedvariableelectronicspeedgovernorhatcanbeimplementedtocontrolthespeedofanyvehicledependingonthelocalspeedlimit.Thecircuitiscosteffective,efficientandeasytoimplementonalreadyexistingvehicles.Everycity,townoravillage,canbemarkedanddividedintoindividualzones;thedivisiondependsupontheareaunderwhichthebusiness,residential,andindustrialregionscomeunder.Thecentralbusinessdistrictbeingaverybusytrafficzonedemandstheleastspeedlimit,withtheresidentialandindustrialzoneshavinglessertrafficdensities,thespeedlimitswillvaryaccordingly.ForexampleHyderabadcityhasbeendividedintofourzonesasshowninthetable;
ZONEA0-IV0kmph
ZONEB0-VI0kmph
ZONEC0-VIII0kmph
ZONED0-II0kmph
ZoneAisthecentralbusinessdistrictwiththesmallestmaximumupperlimit.ZoneBwouldlaybetweenAandCwiththenexthigherspeedrange.ZoneCisthelastzonewiththemaximumspeedlimit.AllschoolandcollegeregionsareclassifiedunderzoneD,aspecialzone,withthelowestspeedrange,thatmightbewithinanyotherzoneforeveryzonemighteitherhaveaschooloracollege.TheblueandredmarkingsshowninfigureI.andIIindicatetransmitterplacementforzonesAandCrespectively.Ifavehicleisenteringintooneparticularzone,thenitwillencounteronetransmitteratalltheexitpointsavailableinleavingzoneandanothertransmitteratalltheentrypointsoftheenteringzone.Onceaninstructionisgiventothereceiverinthevehicle,itwillbestoredinthemicrocontrollerwhichwillconstantlymonitorthespeedofthevehicleandseethatitwillnotexceedthemaximumsetreferencespeedlimitatalltimeswithinthezone.
B.Working
ConsideravehicleenteringintoHyderabadfromthehighway.WithalltheentrypointsintothezoneCcovered,assoonasthevehicleisintherangeofthetransmitter(I.0m),ittransmitsamessagesignal(upperlimitofthezonesspeedrange)tothereceiverintheautomobile.Theoutputfromthereceiverisgiventothemicrocontrollerandthisbecomesthereferencespeedvaluefortheentirezone.Theprogramembeddedinitthencomparesthereferencevaluewiththeinputfromthespeedsensorandifthespeedofthevehicleisgreater,thenthemicrocontrollergeneratesasignalwhichisgiventoasolenoidvalve.Thesolenoidvalveisplacedbetweenthefuelfilterandthefuelinjectionpumpwhichcontrolsthefuelflowvolumeintotheinjectionpumpaccordinglytotheinputsgivenfromthemicrocontroller.Thevalveusedispushtypeandtoreducethespeedofthevehicle,thefuelflowisrestrictedforabriefperiodbyblockingthefuelpipeuntilthespeedofthevehiclefallsbelowthereferencevaluebyactivatingthesolenoid.Oncethevehiclespeedfallsbelowthereferencevaluethemicrocontrollerdeactivatesthesolenoidandthefuelisallowedtoflowfreely.
FigureI..AerialviewofentryandexitpointsforzoneA
FigureII.AerialviewofentryandexitpointsforzoneB
IV.COMPONENTSOFTHEVARIABLEELECTRONICSPEEDGOVERNOR
A.Speedsensingunit
Thesensingunitconsistsofaspeedsensorcalledcrankshaft/camshaftpositionsensorwhichwillbeusedtomeasurethespeedofthevehicle.Twopolesofamagnetareplacedapartwithsomedistancewithprojectionsfromthetransaxleshaftrotatingbetweenthem.AmagneticcoilispositionedbetweentheSouthPoleandthetransaxleshaftprojections.Theorientationissuchthat,theprojectionsoftheshaftareparalleltothemagneticpolesandwheneveraspokeoftheshaftisalignedrightinbetweenthepoles,themagneticlinesofforcetravellingfromtheNorthPolewillbeobstructedandwillnotreachtheSouthPole.Duringrotationoftheshaft,intheabsenceofaspoketherewillbeagap.Nowthelinesofforcewillpassthroughmagnetizingthecoil,reachingtheSouthPole.Wheneverthelinesofforcepassthroughthegapthecoilismagnetizedandwhenitwillnotpassthrough,thecoilwillnotgetmagnetizedandthispulsatingmagnetizationandde-magnetizationofthecoil,i.e.thehindwheeltransaxleshaftrevolutionsintheformofapulsesignalwillactasaninputtotheECU(microcontroller).Theprogramlogicwillreadthispulsesignalandcurrentspeedofvehicleiscalculated.
B.Transmitter–receivermoduleused
ThebasicblockdiagramofaRadioFrequency(RF)transmitterisshowninfigureIVModulatorisadevicethatperformsmodulation.Modulationistheprocessofvaryingaperiodicwaveforminordertousethatsignaltoconveyamessage.Anoscillatorembeddedwithinthedecodermoduleofthetransmittergeneratesahigh-frequencysinusoidalwaveformwhichisusedasthecarriersignal.Thethreekeyparametersofasinewaveareitsamplitude(volume),itsphase(timing)anditsfrequency(pitch),allofwhichcanbemodifiedinaccordancewithalowfrequency(intherangeofIIV-III00KHz)messagesignaltoobtainthemodulatedsignal.TheRFtransmitterusedintheprojectisTWS-IVIIIIVwherethenumberindicatesthatthecarrierfrequencysetisIVIIIIVMHz.Themodulatedsignalfedtoantennaofthetransmitter,isreceivedbytheantennaatthereceiverend.
ThereceiverusedisRWS-IVIIIIV.RFamplifierisusedtoamplifytheincomingsignalfromtheantenna.MixertakestheinputfrombothRFamplifierandlocaloscillatorandgivesthedifferenceoffrequenciesasoutput.GangingisusedtotunebothlocaloscillatorandRFamplifiertoproportionalfrequencies.IFamplifierisusedtoamplifythemixeroutputfrequencytoincreasethesignallevel.Demodulatorwillfinallydemodulatetheoutputfromotherfrequencies(i.e.,itwillseparateoutcarriersignalandmessagesignal).Thiscarriersignalfrequencyiscomparedwiththefrequencygeneratedbytheoscillatorinreceiver.Whenboththefrequenciesmatch,themessagesignalisgiventoAF(AudioFrequency)amplifiertoincreaseitsstrengthandisgivenasinputtodecoderwhichgeneratestheoutputsignal.ThedatatransmissionemployedinTWS-IVIIIIVandRWS-IVIIIIVisserialdata.Dependinguponthetypeofencoderanddecoderused,numberofbitsintheserialdatavaries.Accordingtothedatareceivedfromthereceiver,maximumspeedofthevehicleissetdependingonthezone.
FigureIII.Basiccontrolsystemofvariableelectronicspeedgovernor
FigureV.Blockdiagramofradiofrequencyreceiver
TakesplaceatarapidpacetomatchwiththefuelinjectionpumpsmechanC.ElectronicControlUnitThefigureVIshowsthecircuitconfigurationofthemicrocontroller.ThemessagesignalfromthereceiverandthepulsewavefromthesensingunitarethetwomaininputstotheECU.Aftertheprogramlogichasprocessedtheinputs,theLCDdisplaysthenameofthezoneintowhichthevehiclehasentered.ByusingPWM(pulsewidthmodulationtechnique)thedutycycleofthesolenoidinputisvaried.ThefigureVIIshowsthepulsemodulatedwave.WhentheONtimedurationismorethantheOFFtimedurationtheflowoffuelintotheinjectionpumpisallowedforalongertime.Theprocessofmodulationisautomaticallygovernedbythemicroprocessor.ForzoneswithhigherspeedlimitstheONtimeofthepulsewillbemorecomparedtotheOFFtime.Theswitchingismwhichisdesignedtopumpavolumeoffueltimedexactlytosynchronizewithintakestrokeofthecylinder.
FigureVI.Exampleofafigurecaption.
FigureVII.Modulatedpulseinputrsolenoidvalve
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TheauthorswouldlikeacknowledgeMr.SriramNadiminti,AssociateProfessor,GayatriVidyaParishadCollegeofEngineering,Visakhapatnamforhissupportinwritingthispaper.
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