《达摩流浪者》的生态主义解读
《达摩流浪者》的生态主义解读
二战后,美国经济快速发展，但是精神上的提升没有跟上物质上的改善，人们开始陷入迷茫，“垮掉的一代”应运而生。作为美国“垮掉的一代”领袖式人物，杰克·凯鲁亚克开始进行生命式的探索与追寻。在这一时期，除了《在路上》(1957)他的另一部小说《达摩流浪者》(1958)出版也对当时的社会产生了深远的影响。《达摩流浪者》讲述的就是一群主人公的登山之旅以及他们以一种哲学而诗意的方式来反思人和社会。本文将从生态主义角度研究这本小说，同时挖掘在工业化背景下，揭示“垮掉的一代”对自由的向往和对自然的热爱。
关键词 垮掉的一代，杰克·凯鲁亚克，《达摩流浪者》，生态主义
1 Introduction1
2 Ode to Japhy Ryder’s Ecological Thought3
2.1 Crying out for Ecological Civilization3
2.2 Japhy Ryder’s Practice of Ecological Thought in The Dharma Bums4
3 Ode to Nature6
3.1 Yearning and Longing for Nature6
3.2 The Scenery of American West Coast in The Dharma Bums7
4 Ode to Zen Buddhist Ecological Outlook9
4.1 Appreciating Zen Buddhist Ecological Outlook9
4.2 Zen Buddhist Ecological Outlook’s Penetration in The Dharma Bums10
Conclusion13
Acknowledgments14
References15
Jack Kerouac is nominated “the spokesman of the Beat Generation” and “the King of the Beats”, therefore the study of Kerouac is inevitably associated with the study of the Beat Generation. The Beat Generation appeared in the United States during the nineteen fifties and sixties. At that moment the American economy developed rapidly and the people’s living standard has improved extremely. However, due to two world wars, which brought the shadow of the war to the people, they failed to dissipate sorrows. In some scholars’ eyes, there is a large contradict showing that the development of mental quality doesn’t keep pace with the improvement of material. As a result, people began to fall into confusion and they couldn’t find the meaning of life. (Kang Ning, 2015:55) So the crowd of people tried to challenge the traditional social ethics and values, and resisted social oppression on humanity freedom, which showed that they attempted to break the original way of life. What they pursued and longed was the wandering and unfettered life. And the group was known as the Beat Generation.
The Beat Generation was unequally discriminated and sharply criticized by American mainstream society, because of its distinctive characteristics. Kang Ning said that more and more critics have changed their minds and have begun to realize the Beat writers’ contribution to the American literary world, which promoted the birth of the authentic American literature. (Kang Ning, 2015:55)
Jack Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, in which he spent his important days in life. Kerouac was one of the important representatives of the Beat Generation in the mid-fifties of America. He created a total of 18 novels in his life, which were mostly autobiographical. His major autobiographical novels include the On the Road (1957), The Dharma Bums (1958), Desolation Angels (1964), Lonesome Traveler (1960) and so on. He was first known by the public by his popular novel, On the Road and he was regarded as one of the most controversial writers of the 20th century. He was the representative figure of the Beat Generation and also became a leader of the Beat Movement. His life styles, which he departed from the classics and rebelled against orthodoxy, and literary view, shocked the values and the social outlook of American mainstream culture in the 1950s and
the 1960s. In addition, Kerouac was famous for his method of spontaneous prose. To some extent, his novels were a kind of his life record and his novels were filled with arbitrariness and provocation, which subvert the traditional writing style. Moreover, his craziness in roaming and meditating on life as an ideal for Beat Generation.
The Dharma Bums is a largely semi-fictional novel about a rucksack revolution, natural spirit, thinking of life and Zen Buddhism. It told that two passionate young men, the narrator Ray Smith, based on Kerouac, and Japhy Ryder, based on the American poet and essayist Gary Snyder, pursued the truth of life and the meaning of Zen Buddhism. After On the Road, The Dharma Bums is dedicated to Han Shan, and drew the pilgrimage route of Zen Lunatics and mountaineering travelers. Meanwhile, it was filled with mysterious oriental color and had a large influence on the Hippy counterculture of the 1960s.
However, its profound socio-cultural significance was neglected unfortunately. The study of Kerouac mainly focused on his novel On the Road, while other books were seldom studied. There was only one PhD thesis The Authentic Road: A Study of Kerouac’s ‘On-the-Road’ novels studied Kerouac’s On the Road and The Dharma Bums from an existentialist approach. (Wu Jing, 2012:11) In addition to this PhD thesis, there are several Master’s theses about the study of The Dharma Bums. For instance, Zhu Hao, from Nankai University, wrote an paper entitled In the name of Zen: An Interpretation of Zen Buddhism in The Dharma Bums (Zhu Hao, 2010:131-133). This paper studies that all of people in the west world have lost faith in Christianity, so they wanted to get the redemption of the soul by trying to reach understanding of Zen. Apart from the study of Zen Buddhism, Wu Jing’s paper The Social Rebels and Spiritual Quests Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums from its influence. (Wu Jing, 2012:6) This paper thinks that The Dharma Bums appeared as the times required and gave the spiritually lost people new beliefs and taught people to rebel and quest.
This paper rereads and reanalyzes this novel from its ecological perspective in detail. However, it is necessary for us to learn the term of ecology.
The term of ecology was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel, and was used by Darwin afterwards. But there is evidence that the term was appeared early in works of American poet Henry David Thoreau. It literally means that it is used to study
interactions between organisms and their environment, and human impacts on ecosystems. In the West, ecology has become a science about how to treat the world from human’s perspective. Ecological thought is different from an ideological doctrine, which it is considered to respect human nature, to seek their own survival and development at the same time, it should follow the natural laws of ecology and ecological rules, achieving harmonious development between human society and the natural environment.
This paper studies the novel from its ecological point to further understand the connotation of the novel. As for its ecological point, this paper will study ecologism from three perspectives. They are Japhy Ryder’s ecological thought, natural ecological perspective and Zen Buddhist ecological outlook respectively.
二战后,美国经济快速发展，但是精神上的提升没有跟上物质上的改善，人们开始陷入迷茫，“垮掉的一代”应运而生。作为美国“垮掉的一代”领袖式人物，杰克·凯鲁亚克开始进行生命式的探索与追寻。在这一时期，除了《在路上》(1957)他的另一部小说《达摩流浪者》(1958)出版也对当时的社会产生了深远的影响。《达摩流浪者》讲述的就是一群主人公的登山之旅以及他们以一种哲学而诗意的方式来反思人和社会。本文将从生态主义角度研究这本小说，同时挖掘在工业化背景下，揭示“垮掉的一代”对自由的向往和对自然的热爱。
关键词 垮掉的一代，杰克·凯鲁亚克，《达摩流浪者》，生态主义
1 Introduction1
2 Ode to Japhy Ryder’s Ecological Thought3
2.1 Crying out for Ecological Civilization3
2.2 Japhy Ryder’s Practice of Ecological Thought in The Dharma Bums4
3 Ode to Nature6
3.1 Yearning and Longing for Nature6
3.2 The Scenery of American West Coast in The Dharma Bums7
4 Ode to Zen Buddhist Ecological Outlook9
4.1 Appreciating Zen Buddhist Ecological Outlook9
4.2 Zen Buddhist Ecological Outlook’s Penetration in The Dharma Bums10
Conclusion13
Acknowledgments14
References15
Jack Kerouac is nominated “the spokesman of the Beat Generation” and “the King of the Beats”, therefore the study of Kerouac is inevitably associated with the study of the Beat Generation. The Beat Generation appeared in the United States during the nineteen fifties and sixties. At that moment the American economy developed rapidly and the people’s living standard has improved extremely. However, due to two world wars, which brought the shadow of the war to the people, they failed to dissipate sorrows. In some scholars’ eyes, there is a large contradict showing that the development of mental quality doesn’t keep pace with the improvement of material. As a result, people began to fall into confusion and they couldn’t find the meaning of life. (Kang Ning, 2015:55) So the crowd of people tried to challenge the traditional social ethics and values, and resisted social oppression on humanity freedom, which showed that they attempted to break the original way of life. What they pursued and longed was the wandering and unfettered life. And the group was known as the Beat Generation.
The Beat Generation was unequally discriminated and sharply criticized by American mainstream society, because of its distinctive characteristics. Kang Ning said that more and more critics have changed their minds and have begun to realize the Beat writers’ contribution to the American literary world, which promoted the birth of the authentic American literature. (Kang Ning, 2015:55)
Jack Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, in which he spent his important days in life. Kerouac was one of the important representatives of the Beat Generation in the mid-fifties of America. He created a total of 18 novels in his life, which were mostly autobiographical. His major autobiographical novels include the On the Road (1957), The Dharma Bums (1958), Desolation Angels (1964), Lonesome Traveler (1960) and so on. He was first known by the public by his popular novel, On the Road and he was regarded as one of the most controversial writers of the 20th century. He was the representative figure of the Beat Generation and also became a leader of the Beat Movement. His life styles, which he departed from the classics and rebelled against orthodoxy, and literary view, shocked the values and the social outlook of American mainstream culture in the 1950s and
the 1960s. In addition, Kerouac was famous for his method of spontaneous prose. To some extent, his novels were a kind of his life record and his novels were filled with arbitrariness and provocation, which subvert the traditional writing style. Moreover, his craziness in roaming and meditating on life as an ideal for Beat Generation.
The Dharma Bums is a largely semi-fictional novel about a rucksack revolution, natural spirit, thinking of life and Zen Buddhism. It told that two passionate young men, the narrator Ray Smith, based on Kerouac, and Japhy Ryder, based on the American poet and essayist Gary Snyder, pursued the truth of life and the meaning of Zen Buddhism. After On the Road, The Dharma Bums is dedicated to Han Shan, and drew the pilgrimage route of Zen Lunatics and mountaineering travelers. Meanwhile, it was filled with mysterious oriental color and had a large influence on the Hippy counterculture of the 1960s.
However, its profound socio-cultural significance was neglected unfortunately. The study of Kerouac mainly focused on his novel On the Road, while other books were seldom studied. There was only one PhD thesis The Authentic Road: A Study of Kerouac’s ‘On-the-Road’ novels studied Kerouac’s On the Road and The Dharma Bums from an existentialist approach. (Wu Jing, 2012:11) In addition to this PhD thesis, there are several Master’s theses about the study of The Dharma Bums. For instance, Zhu Hao, from Nankai University, wrote an paper entitled In the name of Zen: An Interpretation of Zen Buddhism in The Dharma Bums (Zhu Hao, 2010:131-133). This paper studies that all of people in the west world have lost faith in Christianity, so they wanted to get the redemption of the soul by trying to reach understanding of Zen. Apart from the study of Zen Buddhism, Wu Jing’s paper The Social Rebels and Spiritual Quests Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums from its influence. (Wu Jing, 2012:6) This paper thinks that The Dharma Bums appeared as the times required and gave the spiritually lost people new beliefs and taught people to rebel and quest.
This paper rereads and reanalyzes this novel from its ecological perspective in detail. However, it is necessary for us to learn the term of ecology.
The term of ecology was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel, and was used by Darwin afterwards. But there is evidence that the term was appeared early in works of American poet Henry David Thoreau. It literally means that it is used to study
interactions between organisms and their environment, and human impacts on ecosystems. In the West, ecology has become a science about how to treat the world from human’s perspective. Ecological thought is different from an ideological doctrine, which it is considered to respect human nature, to seek their own survival and development at the same time, it should follow the natural laws of ecology and ecological rules, achieving harmonious development between human society and the natural environment.
This paper studies the novel from its ecological point to further understand the connotation of the novel. As for its ecological point, this paper will study ecologism from three perspectives. They are Japhy Ryder’s ecological thought, natural ecological perspective and Zen Buddhist ecological outlook respectively.
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