长期施肥对大豆小麦轮作系统的温室气体排放及土壤碳储量的影响
一直以来,施肥对大豆-小麦轮作系统的温室气体(GHG)排放和土壤碳储量的影响没有一致结论。为了更好研究该问题,自1983年始,中国华北平原实施开展了长期施肥定点试验。试验点采取5种肥料管理处理,有机肥(M)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥+有机肥(NPKM)、NP肥+秸秆(NPS)和不施肥的空白(CK)。长期试验表明,NPKM处理对两类作物起到最大增产效果。虽然有机肥的加入(如M和NPKM)会显著促进二氧化碳和氧化亚氮的总排放,但它也极大促进了土壤中碳的固定。结果表明,处理M和NPKM表现出最低的净增温潜势(Net GWP)(-1380和-786 kg C ha-1 yr-1)和温室气体强度(GHGI)(-0.15和-0.08 kg C kg-1 grain yield yr-1)。尽管所有肥料都是在小麦季施用,但大豆季的CO2和N2O排放更高,且各施肥处理间表现出显著的差异。根据净增温潜势(GWP),试验期间的结果表明大豆-小麦系统在不同施肥方式下均表现为碳汇。同时,在M和NPS处理中,土壤呼吸作用对温度的响应更加显著(Q10值分别为3.13和2.96)。我们的研究表明,平衡化肥与有机肥配施有利于大豆-小麦系统在增产的同时降低净增温潜势。
目录
摘要 Ⅰ
关键词 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
引言
0引言 1
1材料与方法 2
1.1试验地概况 2
1.2试验设置 2
1.3气体采集与检测 2
1.4净增温潜势估算 3
1.5其它样品采集与测定 3
1.6统计分析方法 4
2结果 4
2.1土壤性质变化和土壤碳增长率 4
2.2二氧化碳通量及其累积排放量 5
2.3氧化亚氮通量及其累积排放量 6
2.4甲烷通量及其累积排放量 6
2.5作物产量、土壤固碳率、净增温潜势和温室气体强度 6
2.6土壤温度、水分和Q10值 8
3讨论 10
4结论 11
致谢 12
参考文献 13
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长期施肥对大豆小麦轮作系统温室气体排放
及土壤碳储量的影响
Longterm fertilization impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon storage of soybeanwheat cropping system
Student majoring in agronomy Qian Haoyu
Tutor Bian Xinming
Abstract:Fertilization impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil carbon storage are not well documented in soybeanwheat cropping system. Therefore, field observations were implemented in a longterm fertilization experiment which has been conducted since 1983 in North China Plain. There were five fertilization regimes, including organic manure only (M), balanced chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM), chemical NP plus wheat straw incorporation (NPS), and no fertilizer application as the control (CK). Regularly, fertilization significantly increased two crops yields with the highest existing in the NPKM. Organic residue amendment (i.e. M and NPKM) stimulated total emissions of CO2 and N2O significantly, however, it largely promoted carbon sequestration in soil. Consequently, less net global warming potential (GWP) (1380 and 786 kg C ha1 yr1) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) (0.15 and 0.08 kg C kg1 grain yield yr1) were found in the M and the NPKM plots, respectively. Although all fertilizers were applied in wheat growing season, significantly greater CO2 and N2O emissions were found in soybean growing season with large differences among fertilization regimes. Based on the net GWP data, soybeanwheat cropping system showed a carbon sink under all fertilization regimes during the experimental duration. Meanwhile, greater response of soil respiration to temperature was observed in the M and the NPS plots with a Q10 value of 3.13 and 2.96, respectively. Our study indicates that balanced chemical fertilizer and manure will benefit soybeanwheat cropping for high yield with less net GWP.
Key words: Global warming; Food security; Fertilization; Carbon dioxide; Nitrous oxide; Methane
引言
政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)统计指出,全球大约12%的人为温室气体排放来自农业[1],农业已经成为温室气体(GHG)排放的主要来源。与此同时,农业也是人类食品的最大来源。据估计,若以20052007年的水平预计,为了满足全球粮食需求,粮食产量将不得不增加60%以上[2]。而进一步增加作物产量就可能会导致更高的环境成本,如更多的化学物质投入而产生额外的温室气体排放[3]。施肥是增加作物产量最重要的农艺措施之一,但不合理的施肥措施不仅会造成严重的水土污染[4],也会使温室气体的排放量增加 [5]。因此,合理施肥不仅对作物生产非常重要,也是确保粮食安全而减少环境成本的重要方式。
已有大量研究评估了施肥对温室气体排放的影响。例如,Ma等[6]观察到在稻田施用氮肥(200 kg N ha1),会使N2O 排放速度增加56倍并减少CH4的排放。Li等[7]研究并证明了猪粪/秸秆与氮磷钾化肥(NPK)混合施用会刺激N2O的排放。Das和 Adhya[8]发现将稻草或家禽粪便堆肥与尿素混合施用比单施尿素增加了全球增温潜力(GWP)。然而,由于实验时间的限制,以往的研究都是短期的某一作物的研究,而施肥对耕地土壤碳和氮的影响,以及温室气体的输出与来源,都是一个长期的过程[9]。故而有必要实施长期耕作试验下的研究,以确定施肥如何对温室气体排放和土壤碳储存产生影响。如Hu等[10]观察到在小麦玉米耕作制度下,施肥会刺激N2O排放并减少CH4吸收,而小麦和玉米季之间的影响是不同的。Yao等[11]的研究表明,在稻麦种植系统中麦秸还田相比于单施化肥,可以减少N2O排放而增加CH4排放,并且这种影响在水稻和小麦生长季节之间存在很大的差异。据我们所知,在大豆小麦耕作制度中研究施肥对温室气体和土壤碳储存的影响鲜有报道。
目录
摘要 Ⅰ
关键词 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
引言
0引言 1
1材料与方法 2
1.1试验地概况 2
1.2试验设置 2
1.3气体采集与检测 2
1.4净增温潜势估算 3
1.5其它样品采集与测定 3
1.6统计分析方法 4
2结果 4
2.1土壤性质变化和土壤碳增长率 4
2.2二氧化碳通量及其累积排放量 5
2.3氧化亚氮通量及其累积排放量 6
2.4甲烷通量及其累积排放量 6
2.5作物产量、土壤固碳率、净增温潜势和温室气体强度 6
2.6土壤温度、水分和Q10值 8
3讨论 10
4结论 11
致谢 12
参考文献 13
*好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: #351916072#
长期施肥对大豆小麦轮作系统温室气体排放
及土壤碳储量的影响
Longterm fertilization impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon storage of soybeanwheat cropping system
Student majoring in agronomy Qian Haoyu
Tutor Bian Xinming
Abstract:Fertilization impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil carbon storage are not well documented in soybeanwheat cropping system. Therefore, field observations were implemented in a longterm fertilization experiment which has been conducted since 1983 in North China Plain. There were five fertilization regimes, including organic manure only (M), balanced chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM), chemical NP plus wheat straw incorporation (NPS), and no fertilizer application as the control (CK). Regularly, fertilization significantly increased two crops yields with the highest existing in the NPKM. Organic residue amendment (i.e. M and NPKM) stimulated total emissions of CO2 and N2O significantly, however, it largely promoted carbon sequestration in soil. Consequently, less net global warming potential (GWP) (1380 and 786 kg C ha1 yr1) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) (0.15 and 0.08 kg C kg1 grain yield yr1) were found in the M and the NPKM plots, respectively. Although all fertilizers were applied in wheat growing season, significantly greater CO2 and N2O emissions were found in soybean growing season with large differences among fertilization regimes. Based on the net GWP data, soybeanwheat cropping system showed a carbon sink under all fertilization regimes during the experimental duration. Meanwhile, greater response of soil respiration to temperature was observed in the M and the NPS plots with a Q10 value of 3.13 and 2.96, respectively. Our study indicates that balanced chemical fertilizer and manure will benefit soybeanwheat cropping for high yield with less net GWP.
Key words: Global warming; Food security; Fertilization; Carbon dioxide; Nitrous oxide; Methane
引言
政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)统计指出,全球大约12%的人为温室气体排放来自农业[1],农业已经成为温室气体(GHG)排放的主要来源。与此同时,农业也是人类食品的最大来源。据估计,若以20052007年的水平预计,为了满足全球粮食需求,粮食产量将不得不增加60%以上[2]。而进一步增加作物产量就可能会导致更高的环境成本,如更多的化学物质投入而产生额外的温室气体排放[3]。施肥是增加作物产量最重要的农艺措施之一,但不合理的施肥措施不仅会造成严重的水土污染[4],也会使温室气体的排放量增加 [5]。因此,合理施肥不仅对作物生产非常重要,也是确保粮食安全而减少环境成本的重要方式。
已有大量研究评估了施肥对温室气体排放的影响。例如,Ma等[6]观察到在稻田施用氮肥(200 kg N ha1),会使N2O 排放速度增加56倍并减少CH4的排放。Li等[7]研究并证明了猪粪/秸秆与氮磷钾化肥(NPK)混合施用会刺激N2O的排放。Das和 Adhya[8]发现将稻草或家禽粪便堆肥与尿素混合施用比单施尿素增加了全球增温潜力(GWP)。然而,由于实验时间的限制,以往的研究都是短期的某一作物的研究,而施肥对耕地土壤碳和氮的影响,以及温室气体的输出与来源,都是一个长期的过程[9]。故而有必要实施长期耕作试验下的研究,以确定施肥如何对温室气体排放和土壤碳储存产生影响。如Hu等[10]观察到在小麦玉米耕作制度下,施肥会刺激N2O排放并减少CH4吸收,而小麦和玉米季之间的影响是不同的。Yao等[11]的研究表明,在稻麦种植系统中麦秸还田相比于单施化肥,可以减少N2O排放而增加CH4排放,并且这种影响在水稻和小麦生长季节之间存在很大的差异。据我们所知,在大豆小麦耕作制度中研究施肥对温室气体和土壤碳储存的影响鲜有报道。
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